Ssks Essay Example

Ssks Essay Example Ssks Essay Ssks Essay Java Collection Interview Questions Q:| What is the Collections API? | A:| The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. | Q:| What is the List interface? | A:| The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. | Q:| What is the Vector class? | A:| The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. | Q:| What is an Iterator interface? | A:| The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection  . | Q:| Which java. util classes and interfaces support event handling? A:| The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing. | Q:| What is the GregorianCalendar class? | A:| The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars| Q:| What is the Locale class? | A:| The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region . |   | | | Q:| Wh at is the SimpleTimeZone class? | A:| The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar . |   | | | Q:| What is the Map interface? | A:| The Map interface replaces the JDK 1. 1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values.   | | | Q:| What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model? | A:| The java. util. EventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation class hierarchy. |   | | | Q:| What is the Collection interface? | A:| The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical bag an unordered collection of objects that may contain duplicates. |   | | | Q:| What is the Set interface? | A:| The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements. |   | | | Q:| What is the typical use of Hashtable? | A:| Whenever a program wants to store a key value pair, one can use Hashtable. |   | | | Q:| I am trying to store an object using a key in a Hashtable. And some other object already exists in that location, then what will happen? The existing object will be overwritten? Or the new object will be stored elsewhere? | A:| The existing object will be overwritten and thus it will be lost. |   | | | Q:| What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector? | A:| The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector, while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a given instance of time.   | | | Q:| Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. |   | | | Q:| Can a ArrayList contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a ArrayList can contain heterogenous objects. Because a ArrayList stores everything in terms of Object. |   | | | Q:| What is an enumeration? | A:| An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection. |   | | | Q:| Considering the basic properties of Vector and ArrayList, where will you use Vector and where will you use ArrayList? | A:| The basic difference between a Vector and an ArrayList is that, vector is synchronized while ArrayList is not. Thus whenever there is a possibility of multiple threads accessing the same instance, one should use Vector. While if not multiple threads are going to access the same instance then use ArrayList. Non synchronized data structure will give better performance than the synchronized one. |   | | | Q:| Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. |   | Java Collections Interview QuestionsWhat is HashMap and Map? Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements this interface. What is the significance of ListIterator? OrWhat is the difference b/w Iterator and ListIterator? Iterator :  Enables you to cycle through a collection in the forward direction only, for obtaining or removing elementsListIterator :  It extends Iterator, allow bidirectional traversal of list and the modification of elementsDifference between HashMap and HashTable? Can we make hashmap synchronized? 1. The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap  allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesn’t allow nulls). 2. HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time. 3. HashMap is non synchronized whereas Hashtable is synchronized. . Iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isnt. Note on Some Important Terms 1)Synchronized means only one thread can modify a hash table at one point of time. Basically, it means that any thread before performing an update on a hashtable will have to acquire a lock on the object while others will wait for lock to be released. 2)Fail-safe is relevant from the context of iterators. If an iterator has been created on a collection object and some other thread tries to modify the collection object structurally†, a concurrent modification exception will be thrown. It is possible for other threads though to invoke set method since it doesn’t modify the collection structurally†. However, if prior to calling set, the collection has been modified structurally, IllegalArgumentException will be thrown. HashMap can be synchronized byMap m = Collections. synchronizeMap(hashMap);What is the difference between set and list? A Set stores elements in an unordered way and does not contain duplicate elements, whereas a list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements. Difference between Vector and ArrayList? What is the Vector class? Vector is synchronized whereas ArrayList is not. The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. ArrayList and Vector class both implement the List interface. Both classes are implemented using dynamically resizable arrays, providing fast random access and fast traversal. In vector the data is retrieved using the elementAt() method while in ArrayList, it is done using the get() method. ArrayList has no default size while vector has a default size of 10. when you want programs to run in multithreading environment then use concept of vector because it is synchronized. But ArrayList is not synchronized so, avoid use of it in a multithreading environment. What is an Iterator interface? Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use? The Iterator is an interface, used to traverse through the elements of a Collection. It is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator. What is the Collections API? The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap. Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map. What is the List interface? The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. How can we access elements of a collection? We can access the elements of a collection using the following ways: 1. Every collection object has get(index) method to get the element of the object. This method will return Object. 2. Collection provide Enumeration or Iterator object so that we can get the objects of a collection one by one. What is the Set interface? The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements. What’s the difference between a queue and a stack? Stack is a data structure that is based on last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues are based on First-in-first-out (FIFO) rule. What is the Map interface? The Map interface is used associate keys with values. What is the Properties class? The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a stream. It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used. Which implementation of the List interface provides for the fastest insertion of a new element into the middle of the list? a. Vector   b. ArrayList . LinkedList d. None of the aboveArrayList and Vector both use an array to store the elements of the list. When an element is inserted into the middle of the list the elements that follow the insertion point must be shifted to make room for the new element. The LinkedList is implemented using a doubly linked list; an insertion requires only the updating of the links at t he point of insertion. Therefore, the LinkedList allows for fast insertions and deletions. How can we use hashset in collection interface? This class implements the set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the Null element. This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets. What are differences between Enumeration, ArrayList, Hashtable and Collections and Collection? Enumeration: It is series of elements. It can be use to enumerate through the elements of a vector, keys or values of a hashtable. You can not remove elements from Enumeration. ArrayList:  It is re-sizable array implementation. Belongs to List group in collection. It permits all elements, including null. It is not thread -safe. Hashtable:  It maps key to value. You can use non-null value for key or value. It is part of group Map in collection. Collections:  It implements Polymorphic algorithms which operate on collections. Collection:  It is the root interface in the collection hierarchy. What is difference between array ; arraylist? An ArrayList is resizable, where as, an array is not. ArrayList is a part of the Collection Framework. We can store any type of objects, and we can deal with only objects. It is growable. Array is collection of similar data items. We can have array of primitives or objects. It is of fixed size. We can have multi dimensional arrays. Array:  can store primitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  Stores object onlyArray:  fix size  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  resizableArray:  can have multi dimensionalArray:  lang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  Collection frameworkCan you limit the initial capacity of vector in java? Yes you can limit the initial capacity. We can construct an empty vector with specified initial capacitypublic vector(int initialcapacity)What method should the key class of Hashmap override? The methods to override are equals() and hashCode(). What is the difference between Enumeration and Iterator? The functionality of Enumeration interface is duplicated by the Iterator interface. Iterator has a remove() method while Enumeration doesnt. Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, because it has the methods only to traverse and fetch the objects, where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects. So Enumeration is used when ever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only. Collections Interview Questions| Q1) What is difference between ArrayList and vector? Ans: )1) Synchronization ArrayList is not thread-safe whereas Vector is thread-safe. In Vector class each method like add(), get(int i) is surrounded with a synchronized block and thus making Vector class thread-safe. 2) Data growth Internally, both the ArrayList and Vector hold onto their contents using an Array. When an element is inserted into an ArrayList or a Vector, the object will need to expand its internal array if it runs out of room. A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array, while the ArrayList increases its array size by 50 percent. | Q2) How can Arraylist be synchronized without using Vector? Ans) Arraylist can be synchronized using:Collection. synchronizedList(List list)Other collections can be synchronized:Collection. synchronizedMap(Map map)Collection. synchronizedCollection(Collection c)| Q3) If an Employee class is present and its objects are added in an arrayList. Now I want the list to be sorted on the basis of the employeeID of Employee class. What are the steps? Ans) 1) Implement Comparable interface for the Employee class and override the compareTo(Object obj) method in which compare the employeeID2) Now call Collections. sort() method and pass list as an argument. Now consider that Employee class is a jar file. 1) Since Comparable interface cannot be implemented, create Comparator and override the compare(Object obj, Object obj1) method . 2) Call Collections. sort() on the list and pass comparator as an argument. | Q4)What is difference between HashMap and HashTable? Ans) Both collections implements Map. Both collections store value as key-value pairs. The key differences between the two are1. Hashmap is not synchronized in nature but hshtable is. 2. Another difference is that iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isnt. Fail-safe   aâ‚ ¬? if the Hashtable is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterators own remove method, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationExceptionaâ‚ ¬? 3. HashMap permits null values and only one null key, while Hashtable doesnt allow key or value as null. | Q5) What are the classes implementing List interface? Ans) There are three classes that implement List interface: 1)  ArrayList  : It is a resizable array implementation. The size of the ArrayList can be increased dynamically also operations like add,remove and get can be formed once the object is created. It also ensures that the data is retrieved in the manner it was stored. The ArrayList is not thread-safe. 2)  Vector: It is thread-safe implementation of ArrayList. The methods are wrapped around a synchronized block. 3)  LinkedList: the LinkedList also implements Queue interface and provide FIFO(First In First Out) operation for add operation. It is faster if than ArrayList if it performs insertion and deletion of elements from the middle of a list. | Q6) Which all classes implement Set interface? Ans) A Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements. More formally, sets contain no pair of elements e1 and e2 such that e1. equals(e2), and at most one null element. HashSet,SortedSet and TreeSet  are the commnly used class which implements Set interface. SortedSet   It is an interface which extends Set. A the name suggest , the interface allows the data to be iterated in the ascending order or sorted on the basis of Comparator or Comparable interface. All elements inserted into the interface must implement Comparable or Comparator interface. TreeSet   It is the implementation of SortedSet interface. This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the basic operations (add, remove and contains). The class is not synchronized. HashSet:  This class implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the null element. This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets| Q7) What is  difference  between List and a Set? Ans) 1) List can contain duplicate values but Set doesnt allow. Set allows only to unique elements. 2) List allows retrieval of data to be in same order in the way it is inserted but Set doesnt ensures the sequence in which data can be retrieved. (Except HashSet)| Q8) What is difference between Arrays and ArrayList ? Ans) Arrays are created of fix size whereas ArrayList is of not fix size. It means that once array is declared as : 1. int [] intArray= new int[6]; 2. intArray[7]  Ã‚   // will give ArraysOutOfBoundException. Also the size of array cannot be incremented or decremented. But with arrayList the size is variable. 2. Once the array is created elements cannot be added or deleted from it. But with ArrayList the elements can be added and deleted at runtime. List list = new ArrayList(); list. add(1); list. add(3); list. remove(0) // will remove the element from the 1st location. 3. ArrayList is one dimensional but array can be multidimensional. nt[][][] intArray= new int[3][2][1];  Ã‚   // 3 dimensional array  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. To create an array the size should be known or initalized to some value. If not initialized carefully there could me memory wastage. But arrayList is all about dynamic creation and there is no wastage of memory. | Q9) When to use ArrayList or LinkedList ? Ans)   Adding new elements is pretty fast for either type of list. For the ArrayL ist, doing   random lookup using get is fast, but for LinkedList, its slow. Its slow because theres no efficient way to index into the middle of a linked list. When removing elements, using ArrayList is slow. This is because all remaining elements in the underlying array of Object instances must be shifted down for each remove operation. But here LinkedList is fast, because deletion can be done simply by changing a couple of links. So an ArrayList works best for cases where youre doing random access on the list, and a LinkedList works better if youre doing a lot of editing in the middle of the list. | Q10) Consider a scenario. If an ArrayList has to be iterate to read data only, what are the possible ways and which is the fastest? Ans) It can be done in two ways, using for loop or using iterator of ArrayList. The first option is faster than using iterator. Because value stored in arraylist is indexed access. So while accessing the value is accessed directly as per the index. | Q11) Now another question with respect to above question is if accessing through iterator is slow then why do we need it and when to use it. Ans) For loop does not allow the updation in the array(add or remove operation) inside the loop whereas Iterator does. Also Iterator can be used where there is no clue what type of collections will be used because all collections have iterator. | Q12) Which design pattern Iterator follows? Ans) It follows Iterator design pattern. Iterator Pattern is a type of behavioral pattern. The Iterator pattern is one, which allows you to navigate through a collection of data using a common interface without knowing about the underlying implementation. Iterator should be implemented as an interface. This allows the user to implement it anyway its easier for him/her to return data. The benefits of Iterator are about their strength to provide a common interface for iterating through collections without bothering about underlying implementation. Example of Iteration design pattern Enumeration The class java. util. Enumeration is an example of the Iterator pattern. It represents and abstract means of iterating over a collection of elements in some sequential order without the client having to know the representation of the collection being iterated over. It can be used to provide a uniform interface for traversing collections of all kinds. | Q12) Is it better to have a HashMap with large number of records or n number of small hashMaps? Ans) It depends on the different scenario one is working on: 1) If the objects in the hashMap are same then there is no point in having different hashmap as the traverse time in a hashmap is invariant to the size of the Map. ) If the objects are of different type like one of Person class , other of Animal class etc then also one can have single hashmap but different hashmap would score over it as it would have better readability. | Q13) Why is it preferred to declare: ListString list = new ArrayListString(); instead of ArrayListString = new ArrayListString();Ans) It is preferred because: 1. If later on code needs to be changed from ArrayList to Vector then only at the declaration place we can do that. 2. The most important one – If a function is declared such that it takes list. E. g void showDetails(List list); When the parameter is declared as List to the function it can be called by passing any subclass of List like ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList making the function more flexible| Q14) What is difference between iterator access and index access? Ans) Index based access allow access of the element directly on the basis of index. The cursor of the datastructure can directly goto the n location and get the element. It doesnot traverse through n-1 elements. In Iterator based access, the cursor has to traverse through each element to get the desired element. So to reach the nth element it need to traverse through n-1 elements. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for iterator based access if the operations are performed on elements present in between the datastructure. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for index based access if the operations are performed on elements present at last of the datastructure. Traversal or search in index based datastructure is faster. ArrayList is index access and LinkedList is iterator access. | Q15) How to sort list in reverse order? Ans) To sort the elements of the List in the reverse natural order of the strings, get a reverse Comparator from the Collections class with reverseOrder(). Then, pass the reverse Comparator to the sort() method. List list = new ArrayList();Comparator comp = Collections. reverseOrder();Collections. sort(list, comp)| Q16) Can a null element added to a Treeset or HashSet? Ans) A null element can be added only if the set contains one element because when a second element is added then as per set defination a check is made to check duplicate value and comparison with null element will throw NullPointerException. HashSet is based on hashMap and can contain null element. | Q17) How to sort list of strings case insensitive? Ans) using Collections. sort(list, String. CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);| Q18) How to make a List (ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList) read only? Ans) A list implemenation can be made read only using  Collections. unmodifiableList(list). This method returns a new list. If a user tries to perform add operation on the new list; UnSupportedOperationException is thrown. | Q19) What is ConcurrentHashMap? Ans) A concurrentHashMap is thread-safe implementation of Map interface. In this class put and remove method are synchronized but not get method. This class is different from Hashtable in terms of locking; it means that hashtable use object level lock but this class uses bucket level lock thus having better performance. | Q20) Which is faster to iterate LinkedHashSet or LinkedList? Ans) LinkedList. | Q21) Which data structure HashSet implementsAns) HashSet implements hashmap internally to store the data. The data passed to hashset is stored as key in hashmap with null as value. Q22) Arrange in the order of speed HashMap,HashTable, Collections. synchronizedMap,concurrentHashmapAns) HashMap is fastest, ConcurrentHashMap,Collections. synchronizedMap,HashTable. | Q23) What is identityHashMap? Ans) The IdentityHashMap uses == for equality checking instead of equals(). This can be used for both performance reasons, if you know that two different elements will never be equals and for preventing spoofing, where an object tries to imitate another. | Q24) What is WeakHashMap? Ans) A hashtable-based Map implementation with weak keys. An entry in a WeakHashMap will automatically be removed when its key is no longer in ordinary use. More precisely, the presence of a mapping for a given key will not prevent the key from being discarded by the garbage collector, that is, made finalizable, finalized, and then reclaimed. When a key has been discarded its entry is effectively removed from the map, so this class behaves somewhat differently than other Map implementations. QUESTIONS:1. You need to insert huge amount of objects and randomly delete them one by one. Which Collection data structure is best pet? Obviously, LinkedList. 2. What goes wrong if the HashMap key has same hashCode value? It leads to ‘Collision’ wherein all the values are stored in same bucket. Hence, the searching time increases quad radically. 3. If hashCode() method is overridden but equals() is not, for the class ‘A’, then what may go wrong if you use this class as a key in HashMap? Left to Readers. 4. How will you remove duplicate element from a List? Add the List elements to Set. Duplicates will be removed. 5. How will you synchronize a Collection class dynamically? Use the utility method  . |   | | |   | |

The Costs and Benefits of Joining EMU Case Study - 1

The Costs and Benefits of Joining EMU - Case Study Example The increasing interdependence among the European states is aimed at creating free mobility of goods, services, labour, and capital within the trade region (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 162). The EMU has increased the common rules among the member states to combine the separate markets and economies by increasing the economic coordination and cooperation and setting new competition policies for the member states. The EMU has created economic interdependence so as to eliminate monetary policies that undermine and distort benefits realized from such interdependency (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 162). For the EMU to function smoothly, the following feature must be present: The member states of EMU must surrender their sovereignty in some areas of policy formulation. Such areas include interest rates and exchange rates determination, and constraints acceptance in macro-economic exercise (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 163). The politicians from the member states of EMU are required to undertake unpopular policies required for a state to qualify to be a member of EMU, and also introduce economic structural reforms that will ensure their country’s economies survive within the economic and monetary union. However, reluctance among the major European Union community has led to serious problems of EMU. The above feature and condition do not determine whether the European Union has an ideal environment for using the common currency. The optimal currency areas (OCAs) theory sets the preconditions for use of common currency among states. For the EMU to succeed in using the common currency, the following conditions must be fulfilled: Though the EMU has been launched, some of these conditions appear to be lacking within the European Union trade region. However, some benefits have gained by the European Union countries for being members of EMU. The main perceived benefits of joining economic and monetary union include low costs of the transaction, single market consolidation, the convergence of prices, stabilization of foreign exchange rates, and price stability (De Grauwe, 2005).     

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss Research Paper - 5

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss - Research Paper Example Levi’s Strauss & Co (n.d.) strongly believes that its business can flourish based on its principles built on company values and its employees.   LS&CO’s values include empathy, originality, integrity, and courage. Its vision states, â€Å"We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit† (Levi Strauss & CO, n.d.). As pointed by our Chief Legal Officer, Hilary Krane (n.d), â€Å"for LS&CO., corporate citizenship is based on a strong belief that the company can help shape society through civic engagement and community involvement, responsible labor and workplace practices, philanthropy, ethical conduct, environmental stewardship, and transparency.† This is clearly indicative of the extent and amount of efforts LS&CO puts in towards achieving and maintaining CSR initiatives; moreover, our value attached to corporate citizenship encompasses all principles outlined by the UN Global Compact.  With respect to energy and climate issues, Levi Strauss hopes to reach carbon neutrality and is encouraging government policymakers to help companies reach carbon neutrality faster and at the lower cost. Our recommendations towards the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation: 1. Introduce the active promotion of diversity management at the organizational culture level. By introducing referral schemes for employees that will bring people from diverse backgrounds. b. By introducing better human resources practices in terms of pay, benefits, rewards, and recognition. 2. Involve actively in the promotion of wellbeing of the civic population by a. Involving actively in encouraging others to include members of invisible minorities like the LGBT community. b. Providing safe working conditions for pregnant women and the disabled through work practices, safe environment as well as safety equipment for the disabled. Secondly, towards undertaking initiatives to promote greate r environmental responsibility, we recommend to:  1. Introduce changes to the supply chain management system by a. Optimizing transportation from suppliers. b. Minimal packaging of supplies. 2. Promote awareness and affiliation towards environmental responsibility among external stakeholders by a. Measuring external stakeholders’ effectiveness in improving the green initiative. b. Rewarding and recognizing the top achievers of green initiative. Martin-Ortega and Wallace point that Levi’s code of conduct is considered as one of the first corporate code that defines ethics and labor rights in management contexts that were formed many decades ago ( 2007 p.313).

Recommend Your Friends Essay Example for Free

Recommend Your Friends Essay 1. F. James McDonald the former president of the US automobile workers federation suggested an average reduction of 4% in the price of the car. The automobile market was weak, which resulted in unemployment. Lower price would lead to greater sales and stimulate employment. McDonald believed that a 4% reduction in price would increase sales by 16%.David black, representing the management of the automobile manufacturers disagreed with McDonald’s estimation. Black cited studies which indicated price elasticity’s ranging from 0.5 to 1.5.Black made it clear that he was referring to the elasticity of demand in response to a permanent price change of all manufacturers. He admitted that the elasticity to a temporary price cut might be greater. The studies to which Black referred found elasticity’s ranging from 0.65 to 1.53. a. Explain the concept of elasticity of demand and the factors that affect it. Answer:- From the decision-making perspective, the firm needs to know effect of changes in any of the independent variables in the demand function on the quantity demanded. Some of these variables are under the control of management, such as price, advertising, product quality, and customer service. For these variables, management must know the effects of changes on quantity to assess the desirability of institution the change. Other variables, including income price of competitor’s products, and expectations of consumers regarding future prices, are outside the direct control of the firm. Nevertheless, effective forecasting of demand requires that the firm be able to measure the impact of changes in these variables on the quantity demanded. The most common used measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in any of the variables that influence the demand function is elasticity. In general, elasticity may be through of as a ratio of the percentage(%) change in one quantity(or variable) to the percentage(%) change in another, ceteris paribus(all other things remain unchanged). In other words, how responsive in some dependent variable to change in a particular variable? With these in mind, we define the price elasticity of demand(Ed) as the ratio of the percentage (%) change in quantity demanded to a percentage (%) change in price. Where [pic]Q= Change in quantity demanded [pic]P= Change in Price Because of the normal inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, the sign of the price coefficient will usually be negative. Occasionally, price elasticity’s are referred to as absolute values. The use of absolute values will be indicates where appropriate. Problems result when calculating elasticity if initial prices and quantities are used as bases, so economists typically use midpoint bases. The price-elasticity of demand is negative but, for convenience, we use absolute values to avoid the negative sign. If price elasticity is less than one, then demand is relatively unresponsive to changes in price and is said to be inelastic. If elasticity is greater than one, demand is very responsive to price changes and is elastic. Demand is unitarily elastic if the elasticity coefficient equals one. Elasticity, price changes, and total revenues (expenditures) are related in the following manner: If demand is inelastic (elastic) and price increases (falls), total revenue will rise. If demand is elastic (inelastic) and price rises (falls), total revenue (expenditures) will fall. If demand is unitarily elastic (ed = 1), total revenue will be unaffected by price changes. The number and quality of substitutes, the proportion of the total budget spent, and the length of time considered are three important determinants of the elasticity of demand. Demand is more elastic the more substitutes are available, the more of the budget the item consumes, and the longer the time frame considered. Along any negatively sloped linear demand curve, parts of the curve will be elastic, unitarily elastic, and inelastic. The price-elasticity of demand rises as the price rises. Factors Affecting the Elasticity of Demand:- Availability of Substitutes- The most important determinant of the price elasticity of demand is the availability and closeness of substitutes. The greater the number of substitute goods, the more price elastic is the demand for a product because a customer can easily shift to a substitute goods if the price of a product in question increases. Durable Goods- The demand for durable goods tends to be more price elastic than the demand for nondurable. This is true because of the ready availability of a relatively inexpensive substitute in many cases; that is repairing a worn-out durable good, such as a television, car, or refrigerator, rather than buying a new one. Consumer of durable goods is often in a position to wait for a more favorable price, a sale, or a special deal when buying these items. This accounts for some of the volatility in the demand for durable goods. Relative Size of Expenditures- The demand for relatively high-priced goods tends to be more price elastic than the demand for inexpensive items. This is true because expensive items account for a greater portion of a person’s income and potential expenditures than do low-priced. Consequently, we would expect the demand for automobiles to be more price elastic than demand for children’s toys. Time Frame of Analysis- Over time, the demand for many products tends to become more elastic because of the increase in the number of effective substitutes that become available. For example, in the short run, the demand for gasoline may be relatively price inelastic because the only available alternatives are not talking a trip or using some from of public transportation. Over time, as consumer replaces their cars, they find another excellent substitute for gasoline- namely, more fuel-efficient vehicles. Also, other product alternatives may come available, such as electric cars or cars powered by natural gas or coal. b. Interpret the meaning of David Blake’s demand estimate ranging from .65 to 1.53.Explain the significance of demand elasticity in taking business decision. Answer:- McDonald believed that, 4% reduction in price would increase sales by 16% therefore, 1% reduction in price would increase sales by 4% So, PED = 4 McDonald believed that PED was only Elastic. He did not consider the Rich end of the buyers who may not be much affected by this change. Thus PED should be Inelastic for them. The Middle Class buyers would get a chance to buy Automobiles at lower prices. So the sales would be high for some times. But, in time, as the Factors affecting Elasticity comes in action, sales may go down or not in future. Blake, on the other hand, referred to statistical studies that considered both ends of the buyers (Range on the Demand Curve, where Elasticity was both greater and smaller than 1) and also other Factors of Elasticity. For Long term offer, it considered the Factors of Elasticity and consecutive steps taken by the competitive Automobile companies. As a result, the Range of Elasticity was: PED = 0.5 (Inelastic for Rich) to 1.5 (Elastic for others) Average = 1.0 For Short term offer, it was affected less by the Factors of Elasticity. As a result, the Range of Elasticity was: PED = 0.65 (Inelastic for Rich) to 1.53 (Elastic for others) Average = 1.09 So Elasticity is more on the Short Run offer.

Against Censoring Harmless Obscene Language :: essays research papers

Against Censoring Harmless Obscene Language Why the !@#$ would any &*$% head want to censor @#$ &*$% offensive language? I mean what the !@#$?? Did any of that offend anyone? Would it if I had used the actual words? I hope it wouldn't because I sure didn't intend for it to. But then again, if it did, well, don't take this personally, but, you don't need to be reading this. I'm sorry, but I am not forcing you to. No one is. Close your eyes if someone puts it in front of you, sing the Macarena a loud if someone reads it to you, whatever. The fact of the matter is, freedom of speech is the law. I have in my hand, not that you would know this, the Constitution of the United States of America. In this constitution, there is this little thing called the Bill of Rights which contains the first ten amendments, the first being the freedom of speech. Article I of the United States Constitution states, "Congress shall make no law†¦abridging the freedom of speech." Translated, this asserts that I can say what ever the !@#$ I want to.†  Ooh, I'm sorry, I hope you closed your eyes and washed your ears out with soap. If not, too $%@# bad! My belief is that nothing should be censored. Nothing. It is every person's right and responsibility to shield him or herself from any language and other audio and visual provided I do not say anything false which could hurt another person's reputation messages that is found demeaning to the individual. One person may find my !@#$%& language offensive, yet another may find my language rather humorous and meaningful. I feel that when I use offensive language, I am more thoroughly stressing my point. Allow me to demonstrate my point. I have just been shot in the knee cap on my way to the Noble Prize Award Dinner, and I will now be disqualified as a contestant for the Noble Peace Prize. I then say to the bad man, "Ow†¦that hurt. Why†¦did you†¦do†¦that†¦to me?" The man who has done this awful deed will feel no remorse and carry on whistling It's a wonderful life. Now, let's try this again with a more meaningful message. "Son of a !@%$#!!! What the !@#$ did you @#$ &*$% do that for you #$%& ^*%&$ #$$ %&$% $&*% &$ $%*$%????" The man will now have a better sense of what pain he has brought me. He will still obviously run and hide and do nothing about what he did, but he'll more than likely feel more guilty for what he did.

Raising Achievement in Science (Physics, Chemistry or Biology)

Assignment 1: Raising Achievement in Science (Physics, Chemistry or Biology) (PGCE programme) This assignment is set at ‘H’? level. (3000 words +/- 10%) Assignment Task With reference to your reading in the relevant research, write about how you have raised or could have raised the achievement of a pupil or small group of pupils whom you have taught this year.There must be a clear link between the discussion of the teaching and learning that took place in your class and the relevant research on achievement; you must provide a sound rationale for your teaching methods and strategies. The school, teachers and students must be anonymous. Introduction It should constantly be our aim as teachers to raise the achievement of the pupils in our care so that they are attaining at their full potential.It will also be useful for you to discuss these issues with those you work with at school (mentor, PCM, SENCO, etc. ) and to observe closely how these are addressed in classroom pract ice. However, in this assignment, it would be especially appropriate for you to select a particular pupilor group of pupils who you work with in the classroom and who have specific challenges in attaining theirfull potential in science (see below for suggestions), and for you to focus on strategies and techniques for supporting their particular needs.The generic assignment briefing at the top of this page asks you to discuss a particular pupil or group of pupils and how you might have raised, or did raise, their achievement in science (and particularly in your own specialist discipline of Biology, Chemistry or Physics), linking aspects of the teaching and learning with the relevant research carried out in your literature review. In identifying the pupil or group you intend to refer to, consider the range of children who might under? achieve: †¢Gender: boys/girls †¢those with special educational needs †¢the gifted and talented †¢literacy in Science †¢children in care †¢minority ethnic children travellers †¢young carers †¢those from families under stress †¢pregnant school girls and teenage mothers (http://www. education. gov. uk/schools/pupilsupport) †¦and the reasons and issues surrounding underachievement: †¢inequalities in class (social background), ethnicity, and/or gender †¢lack of motivation †¢lack of suitable challenge †¢the appropriateness of activities and tasks †¢a mis? match of expectations †¢a perceived irrelevance of the activities and tasks Some further thoughts The following is based on the report: â€Å"Improving Secondary Schools†, the Hargreaves Report on secondary schools in the Inner London Education Authority (1984).This was summarised in West, A & Dickey, A (1990) â€Å"The Redbridge High School English Handbook†; L. B. Redbridge Advisory Service. The report defined four aspects of pupil achievement (think carefully about how these apply to science and your chosen discipline): 1. This aspect involves most of all, the capacity to express oneself in a written form. It requires the capacity to retain propositional knowledge, to select from such knowledge appropriately in response to a specified request and to do so quickly without reference to possible sources of information.The capacity to memorise and organize material is particularly important. 2. This aspect is concerned with the capacity to apply knowledge rather the knowledge itself; with the practical rather than the theoretical; with the oral rather than the written. Problem solving and investigational skills are more important than the retention of knowledge. 3. This aspect is concerned with personal and social skills: the capacity to communicate with others in face to face relationships; the ability to co? operate with others in the interests of the group as well as the individual; initiative, self? eliance and the ability to work alone without close supervision; and t he skills of leadership. 4. This aspect involves motivation and commitment; the willingness to accept failure without destructive consequences; the readiness to persevere; the self confidence to learn in spite of the difficulty of the task. Such motivation is often regarded as a prerequisite to achievement rather than as an achievement in itself. We do not deny that motivation is a prerequisite to other aspects of achievement, but we also believe that it can be regarded as an achievement in its own right. What do we mean by under? achievement? â€Å"Achievement below expectations† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Underachievement is a discrepancy between a child’s school performance and some index of the child’s ability. † (Rimm, S (1977) ‘An Underachievement Epidemic’; Educational Leadership 54 (7)) †¢An underachiever is: â€Å"A young person, at each significant stage of education that has not reached the expected levels set by the government. † (P rince’s Trust) You are recommended, for example, to go to the web? site: www. dfe. gov. uk/schools/pupilsupport Look under ‘Inclusion and Learner Support’. You will see a list of items including ‘Minority ethnic achievement’ and ‘Gender and Achievement’.The written essay The title and subject matter of the assignment are as laid out at the top of this briefing document under ‘Raising Achievement in Science’. The essay should be about raising achievement in the learning of science in your specific discipline (physics, chemistry or biology). †¢You are expected to have read widely in the process of carrying out this assignment, showing evidence in your writing of an appropriate depth and breadth †¢In addition, you are expected to draw upon your own experience and observation from schools you have been in †¢References to publications in our text should provide the author, date and page number. A bibliography must be provided with full details of relevant texts that you have read. An omitted bibliography/references section can result in a ‘fail’ grade for the assignment. Advice on correct referencing is contained in the ‘Assignment Guide’ available on UEL Plus. †¢Any materials you have produced in seeking to raise achievement in the classroom may be placed in the body of the assignment or an appendix as appropriate. These materials may be referred to in order to exemplify points made in the essay. Ensure that you offer some critique of the points raised from your reading and experience; be aware that there are alternative viewpoints; be careful not to simply offer subjective statements. Points made should be justified from evidence of experience, observation and/or reading. Offer critical analysis of what you have read, observed and taught in respect of this task and some alternative approaches. Do not necessarily take educational writers’ views or those of colleagues at ‘face value’. Submission The assignment should be approximately 3000 words +/? 0%, not including quotations or appendices. A reference list/bibliography must be included. All referencing should follow the Harvard system as detailed in the following book (available from the bookshop): Pears, R & Shields, G (2010) â€Å"Cite Them Right ? 8th ed. †; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan An e-book version of â€Å"Cite Then Right† is also available on UEL Plus Keep any schools, teachers and pupils anonymous. Annotated Bibliography: Monday 12th November, 2013 by 5:00pm; submitted by e-mail directly to your tutor Assignment submission (electronic):Monday 7th January, 2013 by 23. 59 hr The assignment should be submitted electronically using the Turnitin protocol. A suggested ‘starter’ reading list: Younger, M & Warrington, M (2005) â€Å"Raising Boys’ Achievement in Secondary Schools†; Oxford: OUP You might also download the following document: http://publications. dcsf. gov. uk/default. aspx? PageFunction=productdetails&PageMode=publications&ProductId=DCSF? RR086& When looking for resources in the Library, remember that areas of the Library, in addition to education, may be worth a look at; eg.Child Development and Child Psychology (these books are held within the Health and Bi? Science collections). What is an Annotated Bibliography? A Bibliography is simply a list of books relevant to the study being undertaken and which have been referred to when preparing the study. The list is referenced in the proper manner (refer to the book â€Å"Cite Them Right† and to the guidance at the end of this document). An Annotated Bibliography is where, under each book/article reference, there are a few brief sentences / short paragraph summarising the key points of the text where they are relevant to the current study.Here is a brief, example related to achievement of girls in science: Kelly, A. (1986), The d evelopment of girls’ and boys’ attitudes to science: A longitudinal study, European Journal of Science Education, Volume 8, Issue 4 Attitude? to-science tests were completed by 1300 pupils, at ten schools, when they were 11 years old and again two and a half years later. During that time their interest in most branches of science decreased, but both girls and boys became more interested in learning about human biology.Their opinions about science and scientists also became generally less favourable, but pupils grew more willing to see science as suitable for girls. The attitude changes varied considerably from school to school, and were slightly better in schools which had implemented a programme of interventions to improve children's attitudes than in other schools. There was considerable stability in the attitudes of individual children over the period of the study. The ‘idea’ of the annotated bibliography is to ‘gather together’ a range of relevant literature which will, at a later stage, be the basis for extended writing and study.

Using A Simple Tool Of Technology Like Blackboard Essay

Abstract Education and technology have been working together in the recent years in the world. Technology does not already apply to education in the Arab world, particularly in rich countries such as Saudi Arabia. After class, students have trouble communicating with teachers to discuss their classes or submit assignments. Therefore, I decided to start a project of how to apply using a simple tool of technology like blackboard in higher education in S.A I am trying to enter this technology (blackboard) to higher education to development in these schools. Moreover, this is important because teachers have more time that can let students prepare more online sources and materials to facilitate the learning process. As well, it enhances the quality of evaluating learning performance. Also, this can help teachers and educators to find effective ways to improve and develop the education of the learners in the future. Introduction In this technological time, it is easy to find the influence of the computer, the internet, and online programs in human life. The influences are obvious in every subject and issue in education. Much research has been done and based on a short look, it is clear that there are many articles published on the topic of education and technology. My plan is using Blackboard in higher education in Saudi Arabia to develop school. Blackboard helps teachers to assign and at the same time track classroom work and progress. In traditional face- to- faceShow MoreRelatedThe best teaching aid is a piece of chalk1458 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The best teaching aid is a piece of chalk† When I first went to school, the dominant teaching aid was blackboard and chalk. That is almost half a century ago. Back then, the statement â€Å"The best teaching aid is a piece of chalk† is likely to cause bafflement to teachers. â€Å"What else?† would be their common response. 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